Platypus540 said:
While I could be wrong with this, since your post seems very well informed, I feel like you've left out a pretty major factor: the US Air Force. Even if the USN's subs, cruisers, etc. can't get in close, their and the USAF's planes could easily do some damage, at least as a deterrent to Chinese forces. After all, America's jets are, as a rule, at least a generation more advanced than China's, and even taking SAM defense into consideration US planes would probably be able to get in, hurt the enemy, and get out with minimal or no casualties. US planes are even stationed in Japan, so they're already pretty much right there.
Also, ballistic and cruise missiles could be used as well, though that's much less important than the issue of aircraft.
If any of this is blatantly wrong, feel free to correct me, I have a casual interest in military tactics but I'm just a layman

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I thank you for this well written response haha. I usually avoid posting on any topics discussing the military or historical stuff, since I don't have any desire to get into an argument with a complete toss-pot. However, it seems like you are prepared for a level-headed discussion. =D
That is true. Now, I will say right now that I have no idea what the ranges of American carrier-borne aircraft are. However, since the Chinese have built this system of anti-missile vehicles, it is safe to assume that they have taken carrier-aircraft range into account. I'm thinking that the carriers wouldn't be able to get into range to actually launch their aircraft, since the carrier aircraft are what constitute naval striking power these days.
Obviously, there is a huge ongoing debate about whether carriers have gone the way of the battleship. People that are of the new school rationalize their argument by saying, "Why build a ship that launches a plane that launches a missile, when you can just build a ship that launches a missile?"
Anyway, the US certainly have aircraft that can strike Chinese targets from pretty much anywhere. They also have plenty of cruise missiles and the like to fire. Now again, I'm not sure what the range of a lot of those missiles are, since I know quite a few varieties are launched from...the navy once again. XD Now, lets say that the US has tons of stuff that can actually hit Chinese targets. There is no way to know how effective it that would be.
We are also not sure how effective the Chinese anti-satellite missile system is. They demonstrated in 2009 that they had the technology when they shot down one of their own weather satellites. Obviously, if it is actually in place in a large scale they could essentially "blind" the USN by knocking out their GPS satellites. Conversely, for all we know their missile program was some huge failure that was shutdown. We simply do not know haha.
Of course a lot of this could be redundant. Since the Chinese import almost all their oil through the Suez Canal and Indian Ocean. The British (and by extension, the US) have a massive naval base on a tiny island just south of India. They could just use it to cut China's oil supply and China wouldn't be able to do a thing about it. The long-term goal of the PLAN is to create a blue-water navy that is strong enough to defend that trade route, but that is all it is: A long-term plan.
Well, I actually have to run off to class now. I don't have time to proof this or anything, so there might mistakes and such. That and this is really all speculation that is based on all the knowledge that the public can get their hands on. Since national-security and such is super important for all countries, there isn't a whole lot we can know for sure.
All I can say is. If the US/Japan go to war with China over this, God help us. There wouldn't be a war on this scale since WWII. While it wouldn't reach that same scale of intensity(at least I certainly hope so), it would not be a fun proposition.