This thread makes me think of this song:
Queen Michael said:
As I'm sure you know, in days of yore the word used to describe brown-skinned people of African descent was "******." Then, that started disappearing because it gradually became a rude and racist word instead of the neutral one it was originally, and "negro" became the mot du jour.
That's not entirely accurate. Negro was pretty much always the major term, "******" being an offshoot that was considered derogatory for most of its history by anyone who gave a crap about black people.
Now, that's not really any trouble for me -- if I'm not supposed to use a certain word to describe black people's ethnicity I'll just use another word. The problem I think we have is that we're becoming so opposed to synonyms for black people that we're kind of implying that being black in itself is a bad thing.
Are you familiar with George Carlin's routine on the word ******?
In fact, the beginning of this video explains it perfectly. It's not the word, it's the context in which it's used. These new words developed negative connotations because bigots and racists started giving a bad connotation. In short, I think you're kinda sorta but not quite right; we only become opposed to these words because groups have started to turn them into negative words, and therefore there's a negative meaning behind them.
"******" is an offshoot of "Negro" in the same sense people might say "gonna" instead of "going to," except for the fact that one was always steeped in hate and the other is just casual slang. Guess which is which.

I kid on that last part, but still.
Actually, probably a better example, I'm half Native American--Penobscot to be exact. While the term "injun" may not carry the same harsh connotation, it's still a term that was used derisively against a group as a slang-term that devolved from an actual one. They used to (and sometimes still do) call us Indians, after all. In fact, I occasionally get a white dude correcting me, telling me "they" (meaning Natives) prefer to be called "American Indians." Which is somewhat true, but not true of anyone in my family. I avoid anything with the term "Indian" in it, because absolutely none of my heritage involves the Indian subcontinent. and that's a serious sticking point for some of my brethren who are more connected to their roots. Me? I'm more culturally connected to my Scottish heritage, and since I don't have dark skin my biggest challenge in being biracial is the health concerns that tend to go along with being Native American...Which my family has in spades.
But I digress.
To answer the question in the title, this isn't itself a kind of racism, but it is the result of a kind of racism. Actual, specific racism in fact. Maybe not quite on the same level as what made "******" such an offensive term, but you'll notice contextually no other word will get you quite as strong a response. Even negro, a clearly dated and gauche word, will get less vitriol. You'll notice that we cycle through terms for groups that are culturally hated faster than those we don't.
What I mean is that if we don't think that being black is a bad thing, why is the majority of words for "black" considered rude and mean? It seems like "black" is going the way of "fat" and "retarded" -- something that people shouldn't be ashamed of being but you're still not allowed to say that someone is any of those things unles you choose your words carefully.
I hope not. Being black is an inborn condition with no inherent flaws. While I hold no ill will against the mentally disabled, they do in fact suffer from an impairment. Fat people, of which I'm one, suffer health risks that make the condition an undesirable one. Black people are just black. The biggest "flaw" is not fitting into social norms in which white people are the default group.
I'm also not sure I've ever experienced any real problem with calling a black person black.
(I'm white, in case you were wondering.)
RACIST!
...I don't know why, but the thought of shouting that amused me, so I put it in there. Take it for the joke it is, because I don't think you said anything racist.