spectrenihlus said:
OVERKILL!
Nothing like hurling a dead cow at someone.
OT:
Well. The actual difference is ease of use, rate of fire and efficiency at a certain range.
A longbow and a crossbow will both give all but the best armours a hard time. At short range the Crossbow is superior, but when fired en masse over hundreds of yards, the longbow is even deadlier. A crossbow is easy to aim and very accurate at short ranges, firing the weapon requires very little training. Maintenance and long range marksmanship is a whole other ordeal. A longbow takes more training to get a hold of the basics, let alone hitting a target at a few hundred yards. But who used longbows? Professional, hard drilled and highly skilled archers. No doubt crossbowmen were also skilled (or not), but the shortcomings of the longbow didn't hurt its performance.
A longbow will fire as much as 10 arrows in a minute,6 if aimed carefully. The volume of fire a unit of longbowmen is staggering. Folklore tells "Frenchmen were wiped off the decks of their ships by arrows" in some naval engagements of the Hundred years war. Actual records tell of staggering English victories at sea, since the French vessels were void of any soldiers before contact was made. Do the math. History proves the reputation of the longbow, while quite hyped, is at least somewhat deserved. Those French knights in their plate armour didn't plunge those arrows through their own bodies themselves.
A crossbow fires 2-3 bolts in a minute. Not fast. But nevertheless deadly. from a steady position behind a pavise and guarded by infantry crossbowmen were a dread to nobles. The lowest peasant could kill a king with relative ease. The king had to come quite close, though.
The range. Oh the range. Big question. Here's your answer: Pretty much the same. Yup. Depending on the size of the weapon and wind. But hitting anything where the projectile lands is another thing. A longbowman could land an arrow within 5 yards of a target at 300 metres. That's a helluva long way away. Imagine 500 longbows at the same time. A crossbow can launch a bolt about just as far away as a longbow. But the ballistics of a bolt aren't quite cut out for long distances. An arrow or a bolt wobbles like hell in flight. A bolt is short and thick. The bolt drops, and with a crossbow you have to try to "aim directly". Let me tell you, one tough job hitting anywhere near a target beyond 150 metres. The drop of the projectile isn't an issue for an arrow: it's supposed to rain down on the target anyway, gravity just makes it hit harder. And the bolt will go straight a head when it hits something, probably to the front, so penetrate shields and armour with reduced strength. So to say it clearly: crossbows and longbows both have a similar theoretical range. Longbow has a longer effective range.
A crossbow works well in a siege. "Sniping" as far as medieval times go. Protected by a wooden rampart a crossbowman was not in danger while aiming. In the field, longbowmen were more effective, but they needed a formation and a disciplined unit. A longbow is a large weapon, lethal in large numbers.
One on one, longbowman vs. crossbowman, it comes down to who hits first. I'd put my money on the longbow.