1. Develop a multilateral framework for avoiding dangerous climate change under the post-2012 Kyoto Protocol
? Establish an agreed threshold for dangerous climate change at 2°C above preindustrial levels.
? Set a stabilization target for atmospheric concentrations of CO2e at 450 ppm (the costs are estimated at 1.6 percent of average global GDP to 2030).
? Agree to a global sustainable emissions pathway aimed at 50 percent reductions of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 from 1990 levels.
? Targets under the current Kyoto commitment period implemented by developed countries, with a further agreement to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80 percent by 2050, with 20-30 percent cuts by 2020.
? Major emitters in developing countries to aim at an emissions trajectory that peaks in 2020, with 20 percent cuts by 2050.
2. Put in place policies for sustainable carbon budgeting- the agenda for mitigation
? Set a national carbon budget in all developed countries with targets for reducing overall emissions from a 1990 reference year incorporated into national legislation.
? Put a price on carbon through taxation or cap-and-trade programmes consistent with national carbon budget goals.
? Carbon taxation to be introduced at a level of US$10-20/t CO2 in 2010, rising in annual increments to US$60-100/t CO2.
? Adopt cap-and-trade programmes that aim at 20-30 percent cuts in CO2 emissions by 2020 with 90-100 percent of allowances auctioned by 2015.
? Utilize revenues from carbon taxation and cap-and-trade to finance progressive tax reform, with reductions in taxes on labor and investments, and the development of incentives for low-carbon technology.
? Reform of the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme to reduce quotas, increase auctioning and limits windfall gains for the private sector.
? Create an enabling environment for renewable energy through 'feed-in' tariffs and market regulation, with a 20 percent target by 2020 in renewable power generation.
? Increase energy efficiency through regulatory standards for appliances and buildings.
? Reduce CO2 emissions from transport through stronger fuel efficiency standards in the European Union, with a target of 120g CO2/km by 2012 and 80g CO2/km by 2020, and more stringent Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (CAFE) in the United States with the introduction of taxation of aviation.
? Increase financing, incentives and regulatory support for the development of breakthrough technologies, with a focus on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)-the United States should aim at 30 demonstration plants by 2015, and the European Union should have a comparable level of ambition.
3. Strengthen the framework for international cooperation
? Develop international cooperation to enhance access to modern energy services and reduce dependence on biomass, the primary source of energy for about 2.5 billion people.
? Reduce the rate of increase in carbon emissions in developing countries through strengthened energy sector reforms, backed by finance and technology transfer.
? Create a Climate Change Mitigation Facility (CCMF) to mobilize the US$25-50 billion needed annually to support low-carbon transitions in developing countries through a mix of grants, concessional aid and risk guarantees for investment under nationally-owned energy sector reform programmes.
? Integrate project based carbon-financing through the Clean Development Mechanism and other Kyoto flexibility provisions into programme-based and sectoral national strategies for supporting low-carbon transition.
? Significantly strengthen international cooperation on coal, with the creation of incentives for the development and deployment on Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technology and CCS.
? Develop international incentives for the conservation and sustainable management of rainforests.
? Extend carbon financing beyond industrial sector mitigation to land-use programmes-such as forest conservation and grasslands restoration-that offer benefits for the poor.
4. Put climate change adaptation at the centre of the post-2012 Kyoto framework and international partnerships for poverty reduction
? Recognize that the world is committed to significant climate change, that even stringent mitigation will not materially affect temperature change until the mid-2030s, and that average global temperatures will rise to 2050 even under a 'good case' scenario.
? Strengthen the capacity of developing countries to assess climate change risks and integrate adaptation into all aspects of national planning.
? Act on G8 commitments to strengthen meteorological monitoring capacity in sub- Saharan Africa through partnerships under the Global Climate Observing System.
? Empower and enable vulnerable people to adapt to climate change by building resilience through investments in social protection, health, education and other measures.
? Integrate adaptation into poverty reduction strategies that address vulnerabilities linked to inequalities based on wealth, gender, location and other markers for disadvantage.
? Provide at least US$86 billion in 'new and additional' finance for adaptation through transfers from rich to poor by 2016 to protect progress towards the MDGs and prevent post-2015 reversals in human development.
? Expand multilateral provisions for responding to climate-related humanitarian
emergencies and supporting post-disaster recovery to build future resilience, with US$2 billion in financing by 2016 under arrangements such as the UN's Central Emergency Response Fund and the World Bank's Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery.
? Explore a range of innovative financing options beyond development assistance to mobilize support for adaptation, including carbon taxation, levies on quotas issued under cap-and-trade programmes, air transport taxes and wider measures.
? Streamline the current structure of dedicated multilateral funds which are delivering limited support (US$26 million to date and US$253 million in the pipeline, with high transition costs), and shift the locus of support from projects to programme-based financing.
? Use Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) to conduct national estimates of the costs of scaling-up existing programmes, identifying priority areas for reducing vulnerability.
This was provided by the 2007/2008 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme
For more information please check out the weblinks below
The Human Development Report Office Homepage:
http://hdr.undp.org/en/
The Complete Human Development Report for 2007/2008 (pdf):
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf
A Summary of the Human Development Report for 2007/2008 (pdf):
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_summary_english.pdf
? Establish an agreed threshold for dangerous climate change at 2°C above preindustrial levels.
? Set a stabilization target for atmospheric concentrations of CO2e at 450 ppm (the costs are estimated at 1.6 percent of average global GDP to 2030).
? Agree to a global sustainable emissions pathway aimed at 50 percent reductions of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 from 1990 levels.
? Targets under the current Kyoto commitment period implemented by developed countries, with a further agreement to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80 percent by 2050, with 20-30 percent cuts by 2020.
? Major emitters in developing countries to aim at an emissions trajectory that peaks in 2020, with 20 percent cuts by 2050.
2. Put in place policies for sustainable carbon budgeting- the agenda for mitigation
? Set a national carbon budget in all developed countries with targets for reducing overall emissions from a 1990 reference year incorporated into national legislation.
? Put a price on carbon through taxation or cap-and-trade programmes consistent with national carbon budget goals.
? Carbon taxation to be introduced at a level of US$10-20/t CO2 in 2010, rising in annual increments to US$60-100/t CO2.
? Adopt cap-and-trade programmes that aim at 20-30 percent cuts in CO2 emissions by 2020 with 90-100 percent of allowances auctioned by 2015.
? Utilize revenues from carbon taxation and cap-and-trade to finance progressive tax reform, with reductions in taxes on labor and investments, and the development of incentives for low-carbon technology.
? Reform of the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme to reduce quotas, increase auctioning and limits windfall gains for the private sector.
? Create an enabling environment for renewable energy through 'feed-in' tariffs and market regulation, with a 20 percent target by 2020 in renewable power generation.
? Increase energy efficiency through regulatory standards for appliances and buildings.
? Reduce CO2 emissions from transport through stronger fuel efficiency standards in the European Union, with a target of 120g CO2/km by 2012 and 80g CO2/km by 2020, and more stringent Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (CAFE) in the United States with the introduction of taxation of aviation.
? Increase financing, incentives and regulatory support for the development of breakthrough technologies, with a focus on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)-the United States should aim at 30 demonstration plants by 2015, and the European Union should have a comparable level of ambition.
3. Strengthen the framework for international cooperation
? Develop international cooperation to enhance access to modern energy services and reduce dependence on biomass, the primary source of energy for about 2.5 billion people.
? Reduce the rate of increase in carbon emissions in developing countries through strengthened energy sector reforms, backed by finance and technology transfer.
? Create a Climate Change Mitigation Facility (CCMF) to mobilize the US$25-50 billion needed annually to support low-carbon transitions in developing countries through a mix of grants, concessional aid and risk guarantees for investment under nationally-owned energy sector reform programmes.
? Integrate project based carbon-financing through the Clean Development Mechanism and other Kyoto flexibility provisions into programme-based and sectoral national strategies for supporting low-carbon transition.
? Significantly strengthen international cooperation on coal, with the creation of incentives for the development and deployment on Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technology and CCS.
? Develop international incentives for the conservation and sustainable management of rainforests.
? Extend carbon financing beyond industrial sector mitigation to land-use programmes-such as forest conservation and grasslands restoration-that offer benefits for the poor.
4. Put climate change adaptation at the centre of the post-2012 Kyoto framework and international partnerships for poverty reduction
? Recognize that the world is committed to significant climate change, that even stringent mitigation will not materially affect temperature change until the mid-2030s, and that average global temperatures will rise to 2050 even under a 'good case' scenario.
? Strengthen the capacity of developing countries to assess climate change risks and integrate adaptation into all aspects of national planning.
? Act on G8 commitments to strengthen meteorological monitoring capacity in sub- Saharan Africa through partnerships under the Global Climate Observing System.
? Empower and enable vulnerable people to adapt to climate change by building resilience through investments in social protection, health, education and other measures.
? Integrate adaptation into poverty reduction strategies that address vulnerabilities linked to inequalities based on wealth, gender, location and other markers for disadvantage.
? Provide at least US$86 billion in 'new and additional' finance for adaptation through transfers from rich to poor by 2016 to protect progress towards the MDGs and prevent post-2015 reversals in human development.
? Expand multilateral provisions for responding to climate-related humanitarian
emergencies and supporting post-disaster recovery to build future resilience, with US$2 billion in financing by 2016 under arrangements such as the UN's Central Emergency Response Fund and the World Bank's Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery.
? Explore a range of innovative financing options beyond development assistance to mobilize support for adaptation, including carbon taxation, levies on quotas issued under cap-and-trade programmes, air transport taxes and wider measures.
? Streamline the current structure of dedicated multilateral funds which are delivering limited support (US$26 million to date and US$253 million in the pipeline, with high transition costs), and shift the locus of support from projects to programme-based financing.
? Use Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) to conduct national estimates of the costs of scaling-up existing programmes, identifying priority areas for reducing vulnerability.
This was provided by the 2007/2008 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme
For more information please check out the weblinks below
The Human Development Report Office Homepage:
http://hdr.undp.org/en/
The Complete Human Development Report for 2007/2008 (pdf):
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf
A Summary of the Human Development Report for 2007/2008 (pdf):
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_summary_english.pdf
