I'm willing to bet after 20 pages of this, someone has brought up the point I'm about to make, but I'm going to make it anyway.
First, I would like to reiterate the point that has already been made that saying 'no' does not imply zero can be expanded to saying 'a' does not imply one. It's ridiculous semantics and a completely invalid argument.
Moreover, I would like to talk about the idea that, to pick one of the offered examples, if you take the concept of 'This box has 1 cat in it' and remove the cat, that you have 'This box' rather than 'This box has zero cats in it'
English is a cheat language, perhaps more than any other, but I'm pretty sure this one is universal. Humans are lazy; we don't use twelve words when two will do (at least not most of the time). As a rather coarse example, when I was younger I would often say, as a statement of incredulity:
"What the hell was that?"
Fast forward a few months and it became simply
"What the hell?"
Today, I don't even bother with the first word and simply use intonation to make this a question
"The hell?"
You see? The original exclamation was five words, the shortened one is two, and they mean EXACTLY the same thing (with respect to how I use them).
Similarly, saying 'This is a box' and 'This is a box with zero cats in it' mean the same thing, but no one would say the second one because it's A) too long and B) redundant.
Also, we may not be able to observe zero somethings, but we can certainly observe the absence of something.
Consider black as a colour. It's common consensus (though I don't like it) that black is not an actual colour, but rather the absence thereof. Still, it would be foolish to say black doesn't exist. I'm wearing a black shirt. I can see the shirt. I can observe that it's black.
Likewise, I can look in a box and observe that there are zero cats.
Zero is the base counting number. I don't start with one something, I start with zero somethings and add one to it (sometimes repeatedly), which brings me to my last point.
Which of the following would you say to a box containing two cats:
"This box has two cats in it"
OR
"This box has one cat in it and another cat in it"
The first one, right? Because it's quicker, and we have devised 'two' as a faster way of saying 'one plus one'. You would certainly agree that two is a number, yes? So why should one plus one be a number and not one minus one?
For those of you that consider this too long to read, let me summarize in a sentence or two. Zero implies the nonexistence of something, and is omitted because it's faster that way and makes more linguistic sense. Further, you COULD express every number (represented as X) as X+0 but you don't because that's just X and again, no reason to write that which is redundant.
I feel I may have been a little redundant myself here, but I think it was worth it.