I remember reading psychological studies where that was pretty much refuted. Repeated studies of BDSM clubs in different continents showed the same rate of childhood abuse/trauma/sexual-assault as found in the rest of the community - i.e. they were no more likely to have been victims of trauma than anyone else. That kind of shoots down the whole 'they're doing it to get through trauma' theory.Silva said:Psychologically, I believe that sadomasochism has some links to depression and past traumas. Some people take on pain as a pleasure through a conscious or semi-conscious choice, as a way of moving through or passively dealing with extreme traumas (after all, if you enjoy pain, you can in theory withstand more of it). The effect this has on sex is easily explained by the fact that sex is often as much of an emotional release as a physical one.
If people are emotionally inclined towards enjoying pain to show their strength in resisting it and/or inflicting it on others to express it, then they are also inclined to enjoy these things at a sexual level as well.
A lot of people lead terribly hard lives so it's not surprising that a lot of people end up dealing with trauma in this way and make it popular. And who, beyond the most judgemental and controlling of people, can call these personal preferences "wrong"? It may be unhealthy, and it may cause societal issues regarding passive and not-so-passive aggression and continue to regenerate a culture of pleasure through pain, but as an action at the fundamental level I don't think it is.
I think the mistake that leads to that theory is that people look at it and think 'gee, what on earth would have to happen to me to find THAT arousing!'. The only thing that they can think of is something that would change their perception of sex drastically, hence they think 'trauma'. They're not thinking 'how would these people, who have different views on sex and see it differently to me, and who find this stuff arousing, be motivated by it'.
It also conflicts with how victims of sexual assault actually react to circumstances that resemble those of the assault. Most will avoid those circumstances, going to great lengths if necessary.
I'd say that it forms the same way as any other fetish. People always find fetishes (or just different hobbies, flat out) hard to understand - most people can't understand why people would 'trainspot' (old hobby in England where you keep track of the train numbers going through a station) either, but different people like different things. Sexual fetishes often have a lot to do with the circumstances that one first found arousing, and like all sexual practices they tend to escalate as people look new things to do.
Personally, I've never suffered any real trauma, and both myself and every single partner I've gone out with for >3 months (I'm married and in my mid-30s) have always been into SOME degree of BDSM - handcuffs, tying up, that sort of thing. I've had several partners of both genders who have been into having fingernails dug into them - much lighter than what the BDSM club fetish types would be into, but I can see how it starts. They'd be introduced to it in a light way by a sexual partner who they happen to click with, the sex is good, so they want to try the same thing again, and over time it just takes more and more extreme BDSM to produce the same effect.