j-e-f-f-e-r-s-, as Anton so ably pointed out, bombing Nagasaki was not a whim; we were at war and facing an invasion. Japanese soldiers had fought to the last man, inflicting terrible casualties, on many an island. Japan indicated it was amenable to a negotiated peace only once its back was to the wall. Since we had already negotiated a peace with Germany only to have war erupt a generation later, since Japan had been particularly brutal on captured soldiers and occupied civilians alike, and since (probably most importantly) Japan had attacked the USA without a declaration of war, the Allies were in no mood to accept less than total, unconditional surrender. Should we accept less from Japan, who attacked the USA without warning or a declaration of hostilities, than we demanded from Germany, who did not? Don't forget (again, as Anton pointed out), we had killed more Japanese with conventional incendiary bombing than with both nuclear bombs together. Additionally, it was very important to the Allies that the Japanese emperor be forced to admit to the Japanese people that he was not in fact devine and infallible, thus limiting his ability to raise troops for another round as had Germany. (Propertyofcobra, we did allow the emperor to stay, but forced him to renounce his claim to divinity; thus he was just another leader asking you to kill and die for his glory, not a divine being with a divine right to order you to do so. Big difference.)
The whole matter of bombing Japan really gets up my nose. If we are fighting enemy soldiers, are not the people and factories producing his bullets and tanks and rice also our enemy? Were our citizen-soldiers less deserving of life than the Japanese civilians? Should our Allied politicians have sent a million boys to their deaths to avoid bombing Japanese civilians? Personally I think not. I am all for not intentionally targeting civilians when at all possible. I am most emphatically {i}NOT[/i] in favor of sending soldiers to die to avoid bombing the factories producing war materials simply because they are manned by civilians.
And Lukeje - I can't even answer you. Your questions just make me sad.
"A man who has nothing for which he is willing to fight, nothing which is more important than his own personal safety, is a miserable creature and has no chance of being free unless made and kept so by the exertions of better men than himself."
John Stuart Mill