I normally don't post on this forum but since I listen almost exclusively to jazz I thought I'd share some of my favourites
Phronesis: Odd time contemporary piano trio led by double bassist.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ly8KniNgkXo
Will Vinson: English born alto saxophonist living in new york. Check out the album Promises, here he is with Jonathan Kreisberg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aaV5Alxky8
Brian Blade - most musical drummer I've ever heard
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQpyQWRJnPM
Ari Hoenig - some of the best rhythmic craziness ever
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RYN75nPRkk
Michael Brecker - mainly known for fusion with the brecker brothers, also played contemporary jazz
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIP3dmCMNqo
Going less modern, Art Blakey: one of the pioneers of Hard Bop
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmRQKsWgj10
Cannonball Adderly & Miles Davis: absolutely classic recording
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPHtQn1t1n4
A few other names:
Dave Brubeck - cool/west coast jazz. Very easy to listen to but still pretty musically interesting
Dave Holland - fantastic modern double bassist
Chris Potter - possibly most celebrated tenor sax player alive
Charlie Parker / Dizzy Gillespie - pretty much first bebop players
Lester Young - classic tenor player
Charles Mingus - the "angry man of jazz" great double basssist and composer
John Coltrane - most famous tenor player ever?
Ornette Coleman - one of the first free players, warning, this is very hard to get into!
Wayne Shorter - played in so many different genres of jazz and still going today!
There's so much out there this barely scratches the surface of my favourites. Hope this helps!